The
research project chosen is looking into the impact of altitude on
high-resolution multi-spectral remote sensing for hardwood forest species
delineation. We are looking to see if there is a considerable difference in the
collection of data with a manned aircraft versus an unmanned aircraft. Altitude
is the biggest factor between the two, the unmanned system will fly lower while
the manned will fly at a greater altitude.
The purpose of an annotated bibliography is to let the reader or viewer
get an insight on what has been done that concerns our research. An annotated
bibliography consists of articles, journals, research papers, and books that
have been published (preferably peer-reviewed). A research timeline is also an
important aspect of this research. A research timeline lets groups see where
they should be in terms of the process of the research. This can be done in a
lot of ways but the most common one is a Gantt chart.
(Adão et al., 2017)
Adão, T., Hruška, J., Pádua, L., Bessa, J.,
Peres, E., Morais, R., & Sousa, J. J. (2017). Hyperspectral Imaging: A
Review on UAV-Based Sensors, Data Processing and Applications for Agriculture
and Forestry. Remote Sensing, 9(11),
1-30. doi:10.3390/rs9111110
This
article focuses on the use of hyperspectral sensors in UAS use. It addresses
the advantages of hyperspectral sensors over the use of RGB or NIR cameras for
data acquisition for agriculture and forestry. This is a great source of
information for this because it highlights drone usage and checklists for those
platforms and how to effectively collect that data. The only setback from this
article is that it doesn’t talk too in-depth about the use of this for certain
scenarios in forest and agriculture.
(Bonnet, Lisein, & Lejeune, 2017)
Bonnet,
S., Lisein, J., & Lejeune, P. (2017). Comparison of UAS photogrammetric
products for tree detection and characterization of coniferous stands. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(19),
5310-5337. doi:10.1080/01431161.2017.1338839
This article goes into depth about the use of UAS to detect
trees and asses forest attributes for coniferous trees. More specifically the
age of the trees and the surrounding age of the trees. While this article is
great for potentially seeing how they did it, it doesn’t give us a great idea
of what to expect for ours. The group could potentially get some ideas from
this paper on how to go about doing our research. It also does not compare it
to manned aircraft.
(Gabrlik, la Cour-Harbo, Kalvodova, Zalud, & Janata, 2018)
Gabrlik,
P., la Cour-Harbo, A., Kalvodova, P., Zalud, L., & Janata, P. (2018).
Calibration and accuracy assessment in a direct georeferencing system for UAS
photogrammetry. International Journal of
Remote Sensing, 39(15/16), 4931-4959. doi:10.1080/01431161.2018.1434331
In this
article, the studying being done is to see how well they can calibrate and
function a custom built multi-sensor for direct georeferencing. This would
enable them to get centimeter level accuracy for mapping an area. This article
shows a lot about RTK, GNS, and INS which could be used for our project to get
the data most accurately. The article has good information on these but for our
use the article does not give much about the actual data being collected.
(Getzin, Nuske, &
Wiegand, 2014)
Getzin,
S., Nuske, R. S., & Wiegand, K. (2014). Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(UAV) to Quantify Spatial Gap Patterns in Forests. Remote Sensing, 6(8), 6988-7004. doi:10.3390/rs6086988
This article is looking into gap distribution of forests
being reflected by the impact of man-made tree harvesting or whether it is
naturally occurring patterns of tree death. It goes into more causes that could
be having this effect on the forest, they use UAV because of the small gaps
between the trees. Those cannot be measured accurately with manned planes. This
article is great because it shows how they utilized a drone for this reason and
how it worked. It goes into more detail than we know of, but it is still good
to get a knowledgeable base one. This article does not go into detail on how
much more accurate this data is than if it was a regular manned plane.
(Lisein, Michez, Claessens, & Lejeune, 2015)
Lisein,
J., Michez, A., Claessens, H., & Lejeune, P. (2015). Discrimination of
Deciduous Tree Species from Time Series of Unmanned Aerial System Imagery. PLoS ONE, 10(11), 1-20.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141006
In this article it addresses how and when UAS should be used
to efficiently discriminate deciduous tree species. In goes into detail that
they are trying to find the best way to achieve the optimal species
discrimination and when. They state when they start and when they end, then
classify the data to discriminate tree species. This is a great article for our
group since this is very close to what we are doing. Instead of doing deciduous
tree species we are doing general tree species and if there is a difference
between manned and unmanned. Very good article for our group.
(Manfreda et al. 2018)
Manfreda, S., M.
E. McCabe, P. E. Miller, R. Lucas, V. P. Madrigal, G. Mallinis, E. Dor, D.
Helman, L. Estes, G. Ciraolo, J. Mullerova, F. Tauro, M. I. de Lima, Jlmp del
Lima, A. Maltese, F. Frances, K. Caylor, M. Kohv, M. Perks, G. Ruiz-Perez, Z.
Su, G. Vico, and B. Toth. 2018. "On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for
Environmental Monitoring." Remote Sensing 10 (4). doi: 10.3390/rs10040641
This study goes into the use of UAV in environmental
monitoring. It discusses how this is done mostly by ground and satellites but
now it can be done easier and much more efficient with UAVs. It talks about how
ground and satellites have certain constraints that limit them while UAV have
little that limits them. The papers aim
is to provide an overview of the existing research of UAS in these fields.
(Pádua et al., 2018)
Pádua,
L., Hruška, J., Bessa, J., Adão, T., Martins, L. M., Gonçalves, J. A., . . .
Sousa, J. J. (2018). Multi-Temporal Analysis of Forestry and Coastal
Environments Using UASs. Remote Sensing,
10(1), 1-N.PAG. doi:10.3390/rs10010024
This
papers topic looks at the advantages and challenges related to UAVs for imagery
and data collection in forestry and costal environments. It states that two
case studies are done one focusing on chestnut tree health and the second on
the sandpit of Cabedelo in different time periods. This paper has some good
points mostly talking about how UAS and sensors have really taken off. Though,
it does not touch base with out project too much, other than techniques used
for the chesnut tree health we can only learn from how they managed to carry
out how they did it.
(Puliti, Ørka, Gobakken,
& Næsset, 2015)
Puliti, S., Ørka,
H. O., Gobakken, T., & Næsset, E. (2015). Inventory of Small Forest Areas
Using an Unmanned Aerial System. Remote
Sensing, 7(8), 9632-9654. doi:10.3390/rs70809632
This article mostly looks at the use of UAVs to inventory
small forests. This study uses 3D variables from UAV imagery with ground
reference data to create linear models for mean height, dominant height, stem
number, basal area, and stem volume. The data surrounding this topic before
this study (said in the article) was said to be inconsistent and unreliable.
This is a good article since we are looking at forests and categorizing them,
but it doesn’t talk about species. It only touches on size and actual tree
dimensions.
(Singh and Frazier 2018)
Singh, K. K., and
A. E. Frazier. 2018. "A meta-analysis and review of unmanned aircraft
system (UAS) imagery for terrestrial applications." International Journal
of Remote Sensing 39 (15-16):5078-5098. doi: 10.1080/01431161.2017.1420941.
This article performed a search using UAS related keywords
to identify peer reviewed studies. They then filtered the results to a couple
of keywords. After that, they selected a subset then deeply analyzed each
study. They found that UAS practices need better standardization of methods and
procedures for UAS data collection and practices.
(Wieser et al., 2017)
Wieser,
M., Mandlburger, G., Hollaus, M., Otepka, J., Glira, P., & Pfeifer, N.
(2017). A Case Study of UAS Borne Laser Scanning for Measurement of Tree Stem
Diameter. Remote Sensing, 9(11),
1-11. doi:10.3390/rs9111154
This study looks at diameter breast height of trees in
forestry. They use laser scanners that create high resolution point clouds
onboard UAS. The diameter breast height is estimated from a UAS point cloud.
This study is good for us for methods and techniques, but the data is not too
useful, they are using sensors to measure actual dimensions while we use
sensors to classify data.
Timeline
Timeline
Above is a Gantt chart, it is a method of tracking progress. It is used widely in many industries to keep track of the timeline that they need to follow, especially in the aviation industry. This Gantt chart was made for this study. It starts in the beginning of the school year and goes until the end of the spring semester. In the beginning, research on similar case studies to see if it has either already been done or methods which people used is looked at. It gives an outlook on how the project might go, or if it is a question that needs answered. During this time data collection is done, because they can be done independent of each other. Since the project has a manned aircraft that needs an integrated sensor, it is also put in under integration of sensors. The second half of the integration is also taking the sensor off the manned aircraft, since it could take a little longer than simply taking a couple of bolts out. After data collection begins, data analysis can also happen, overlapping with other tasks. As data analysis is going on, it runs into conclusion of the study and the paper. As the analysis takes place it will be noted.
Adão, T., Hruška, J., Pádua, L., Bessa, J.,
Peres, E., Morais, R., & Sousa, J. J. (2017). Hyperspectral Imaging: A
Review on UAV-Based Sensors, Data Processing and Applications for Agriculture
and Forestry. Remote Sensing, 9(11),
1-30. doi:10.3390/rs9111110
Bonnet, S.,
Lisein, J., & Lejeune, P. (2017). Comparison of UAS photogrammetric
products for tree detection and characterization of coniferous stands. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(19),
5310-5337. doi:10.1080/01431161.2017.1338839
Gabrlik, P., la
Cour-Harbo, A., Kalvodova, P., Zalud, L., & Janata, P. (2018). Calibration
and accuracy assessment in a direct georeferencing system for UAS
photogrammetry. International Journal of
Remote Sensing, 39(15/16), 4931-4959. doi:10.1080/01431161.2018.1434331
Getzin, S.,
Nuske, R. S., & Wiegand, K. (2014). Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to
Quantify Spatial Gap Patterns in Forests. Remote
Sensing, 6(8), 6988-7004. doi:10.3390/rs6086988
Lisein, J.,
Michez, A., Claessens, H., & Lejeune, P. (2015). Discrimination of
Deciduous Tree Species from Time Series of Unmanned Aerial System Imagery. PLoS ONE, 10(11), 1-20.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141006
Manfreda, S., M.
E. McCabe, P. E. Miller, R. Lucas, V. P. Madrigal, G. Mallinis, E. Dor, D.
Helman, L. Estes, G. Ciraolo, J. Mullerova, F. Tauro, M. I. de Lima, Jlmp del
Lima, A. Maltese, F. Frances, K. Caylor, M. Kohv, M. Perks, G. Ruiz-Perez, Z.
Su, G. Vico, and B. Toth. 2018. "On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for
Environmental Monitoring." Remote Sensing 10 (4). doi: 10.3390/rs10040641
Puliti, S., Ørka,
H. O., Gobakken, T., & Næsset, E. (2015). Inventory of Small Forest Areas
Using an Unmanned Aerial System. Remote
Sensing, 7(8), 9632-9654. doi:10.3390/rs70809632
Pádua, L.,
Hruška, J., Bessa, J., Adão, T., Martins, L. M., Gonçalves, J. A., . . . Sousa,
J. J. (2018). Multi-Temporal Analysis of Forestry and Coastal Environments
Using UASs. Remote Sensing, 10(1),
1-N.PAG. doi:10.3390/rs10010024
Singh, K. K., and
A. E. Frazier. 2018. "A meta-analysis and review of unmanned aircraft
system (UAS) imagery for terrestrial applications." International Journal
of Remote Sensing 39 (15-16):5078-5098. doi: 10.1080/01431161.2017.1420941.
Wieser,
M., Mandlburger, G., Hollaus, M., Otepka, J., Glira, P., & Pfeifer, N.
(2017). A Case Study of UAS Borne Laser Scanning for Measurement of Tree Stem
Diameter. Remote Sensing, 9(11),
1-11. doi:10.3390/rs9111154
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